China and the United States are locked in a contest to develop the world's most powerful computers. Now a massive machine in Japan has topped them both.
A long-awaited supercomputer dubbed Fugaku, installed in the city of Kobe by the government-sponsored institute Riken, took first place in a twice-yearly speed ranking released Monday. The Japanese machine carried out 2.8 times more calculations per second than an IBM system at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee, which Fugaku bumped to second place in the so-called Top500 list.
Another IBM system, at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California, slid to third place in the ranking from second, while systems in China moved to the fourth and fifth spots from third and fourth.
Since 2009, three successive computer systems at the Oak Ridge lab - the Jaguar, Titan and Summit - have been rated the world's fastest computers.
In May 2019, then Energy Secretary Rick Perry announced that Oak Ridge would get one of the world's first exascale computers, dubbed the Frontier built by Cray Inc. and Advanced Micro Devices. The $600 million Frontier computer system is expected to go into operation in Oak Ridge in 2021 and will be the largest of three exascale computers planned by the Energy Department, including the Aurora and El Capitan computers at the Argonne National Laboratory in Illinois and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California.
World’s fastest computers
1. Fugaku supercomputer at RIKEN Center of Computational Science in Japan2. The IBM Summit at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee3. The IBM Sierra at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California4. Snway TaihuLight at the National Supercomputing Center in Wuxi, China5. Tianhe-2A at the National Supercomputing Center in Guangzhou, ChinaSource: TOP500 List presented Monday at the International Supercomputing Conference.
Supercomputers have become a symbol for both technical and economic competitiveness. The room-size systems are used for complex military and scientific tasks, including breaking codes, modeling climate change and simulating new designs for cars, weapons, aircraft and drugs. Riken has said Fugaku is already being used to help study, diagnose and treat COVID-19.
Japan remains a relatively small player in supercomputing. China placed 226 systems in the latest Top500 list; the U.S. total was 114, although they accounted for a greater share of aggregate computing power.
But Japan has a long history of pushing the state of the art in computing. A prominent example is the K Supercomputer, its predecessor at Riken, which took the No. 1 spot on the Top500 list in 2011 before being displaced the next year by a system at Livermore.
"The predecessor was just a knockout," said Steve Conway, a veteran analyst of the supercomputer market who is a senior adviser at the firm Hyperion Research. "People are expecting this to be very good also."
Horst Simon, who has studied Fugaku as deputy director of research at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in California, called it a "very remarkable, very admirable" product. But it may not last long as the world's fastest supercomputer in view of forthcoming Department of Energy systems at Oak Ridge and Livermore and likely advances in China, he said.
Fugaku, another name for Mount Fuji, required some lofty spending. The six-year budget for the system and related technology development totaled about $1 billion, compared with the $600 million price tags for the biggest planned U.S. systems.
The machine may also make waves because of its computer chips. Fujitsu, Riken's partner in developing Fugaku, chose to design processors using the basic technology at the heart of billions of smartphones. It licensed designs from ARM, a company long based in Britain that is now owned by the Japanese conglomerate SoftBank.
By contrast, most supercomputers use microprocessors that evolved from the chips that Intel and Advanced Micro Devices first sold for PCs. The most powerful machines have been accelerated using more specialized chips, such as the Nvidia graphics processors used to run video games and, more recently, artificial intelligence applications.
ARM licensees have tried for years to gain a foothold in data centers without much success. But the cloud service operated by Amazon has begun aggressively promoting ARM-based offerings.
Christopher Bergey, senior vice president of ARM's infrastructure business, predicts more gains in high-performance computing. For one thing, the longtime supercomputer maker Cray, recently bought by Hewlett Packard Enterprise, plans to sell systems based on Fujitsu's ARM-based chips.
Fugaku "is the culmination of almost 10 years of investment and work," Bergey said. "It's a pretty exciting time."
Staff photo by C.B. Schmelter / Oak Ridge National Laboratory National Center for Computational Sciences Director James Hack tours the Summit supercomputer on the campus of ORNL. The Summit was displaced this year as is the fastest computer in the world.