How much the world achieved at the Glasgow climate talks - and what happens now - depends in large part on where you live.
In island nations that are losing homes to sea level rise, and in other highly vulnerable countries, there were bitter pills to swallow after global commitments to cut emissions fell short of the goal to keep global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius (2.7°Fahrenheit).
For large middle-income countries, like India and South Africa, there were signs of progress on investments needed for developing clean energy.
In the developed world, countries still have to internalize, politically, that bills are coming due - both at home and abroad - on climate change.
Coalitions of companies, governments and civil society and indigenous peoples groups forced progress on issues such as stopping deforestation, cutting methane, ending coal use and boosting zero-emissions vehicles.
Here are five elements to watch over the coming year as countries move forward on climate change:
Bending the curve to 1.5°C
Going into the Glasgow summit, countries' commitments had put the world on a trajectory of warming about 2.9°C (5.2F) this century, well beyond the 1.5°C goal and into levels of warming that will bring dangerous climate impacts. Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi's announcement in the first days that India would reach net zero emissions by 2070 and generate 50% of its energy from renewables by 2030 helped lower that trajectory to 2.4°C.
Countries agreed to return for the next round of climate talks in November 2022 in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, with stronger commitments to put the world on track for 1.5°C.
That turns the spotlight on national action. China reminded everyone, while throwing shade at the U.S., that goals must be backed with plans for implementation. U.S. Cabinet members and Congressional leaders had much to say in Glasgow about being "back" after the previous administration withdrew from the Paris climate agreement. Yet they had little to offer in terms of the U.S. share of the finance.
More South Africa deals
While all countries are important for reaching the world's climate goals, some are more important than others.
Countries that are high emitters and heavily dependent on coal will be a focus of international attention in the coming months, not just to phase down coal but importantly to fund a just transition to green sources of energy and the necessary electricity infrastructure.
The poster child for this approach is South Africa, where a presidential commission has worked for three years to develop a transition plan and has been able to attract $8.5 billion from the U.K., the EU, the U.S. and others to help them execute on it. That, coupled with guarantees and other financial aid that could help draw further private investment, could become a replicable model.
The key was national ownership. In the year ahead, look for plans to come together in Indonesia and Vietnam and other countries.
Getting climate finance flowing
Many developing countries already have national platforms to deliver on their commitments, but throughout Glasgow's conference halls, officials complained that finance wasn't flowing to help them succeed.
This isn't just a climate finance problem. Many countries are also facing economic disruption from the COVID-19 pandemic and have chafed at the way international financial institutions fail to address issues of access to finance and trade.
The Chinese calculate the value of growth lost through a few measures, such as floods and heat. Unsurprisingly it amounts to trillions of dollars. It may be a useful exercise whenever a government balks at the "cost" of climate action.
In the end, governments agreed to reach a $100 billion annual climate finance target within the next two years and agreed that adaptation funding should double. But with the U.N. Environment Programme estimating that adaptation funds will need to quadruple by 2030 from today's $70 billion, there's a long way to go.
The Glasgow Climate Pact also criticized the traditional channels of public funds that set the conditions for finance to flow, including the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. Look for G7 and G20 countries, the largest shareholders of these institutions, to examine how they can be managed differently to respond to the climate emergency. All eyes are on Italian Prime Minister Mario Draghi, current president of the G20 and an experienced central banker. Actions could range from bolstering the Climate Investment Funds, managed by the World Bank, and loosening the terms and conditions of the IMF's proposed management of the reallocation of special drawing rights, to incentives to leverage more private funds and take more risk.
Finance pledges, cries of 'greenwashing'
In the first week of Glasgow, the titans of the financial industry heralded the Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero - the commitment by financial institutions representing $130 trillion in assets to accelerate the transition to a net-zero emissions economy. The shifts within financial markets away from exposure to carbon emissions was palpable. But without more detail, the announcement attracted cries of "greenwashing."
Organizers of the alliance will need to work hard to hold members to account.
The U.N. secretary-general announced an expert group to propose clear standards for companies and others making net zero commitments, partly in response to furor around greenwashing. That group is expected to report back in 2022. At the heart of Glasgow was a new seriousness around transparency, credibility, integrity and accountability. Watch this unfold this coming year.
Loss and damage
Climate action is a three-legged stool - mitigation, adaptation and loss and damage.
Loss and damage was mentioned an unprecedented 12 times in the final Glasgow texts, but without commitments to funding or mechanisms to secure funding. Loss and damage can be understood this way: you broke it (or endangered it), you pay for it. But, afraid of lawsuits in international courts - which the U.S. does not belong to - or afraid of the costs, developed countries have opposed progress on the issue in recent years.
Developing countries left Glasgow disappointed, but there was no escaping the debate. Watch for a design of a mechanism to help pay for loss and damage and plans to start funding it. With the next year's U.N. climate conference in Africa, this will move center stage.
There's a Scottish proverb, "fools look to tomorrow, wise men [sic] use tonight." There were wise people in Glasgow, and fools too. But there's not a night to lose in the year ahead.
Rachel Kyte, who served as a special representative of the UN secretary-general and chief executive officer of Sustainable Energy for All, is dean of The Fletcher School at Tufts University.
This article is republished from The Conversation, an independent and nonprofit source of news, analysis and commentary from academic experts.
The Associated Press