AP photo by Julio Cortez / St. Louis Cardinals players celebrate after beating the Houston Astros in a spring training game on March 3 in Jupiter, Fla.NEW YORK - Just 0.7% of Major League Baseball employees tested positive for antibodies to COVID-19, the illness caused by the new coronavirus.
The small number of positive tests, announced Sunday, was positive news for a sport pushing ahead with plans to start its delayed season amid the pandemic.
Researchers received 6,237 completed surveys from employees of 26 of its 30 clubs. That led to 5,754 samples obtained in the United States on April 14-15 and 5,603 records that were used. The survey kit had a 0.5% false positive rate.
Dr. Jay Bhattacharya of Stanford University, one of the study's leaders, said the prevalence of the antibodies among MLB employees was lower than for the general population during testing in Los Angeles Miami, New York and the San Francisco area.
"I was expecting a little bit of a higher number," Bhattacharya said during a telephone news conference. "The set of people in the MLB employee population that we tested in some sense have been less affected by the COVID epidemic than their surrounding communities."
Data for players was not separated in the study, and some MLB family members were included.
Spring training was stopped March 12 and opening day was pushed back from March 26 because of the pandemic. MLB intends to give the players' association a presentation this week for a possible start to the season, and baseball officials have said frequent testing would be necessary.
Antibodies are produced by a person's immune system if they have been infected by a virus. These tests are different than the polymerise chain reaction (PCR) tests used to detect active infection.
"By using two different technologies, both PCR to diminish the active virus, as well as the antibody, the serology tests, that will give you better information and may even be able to alleviate some of the concerns with false positives," said Daniel Eichner said of the Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory in Salt Lake City, another of the study leaders.
"So I would definitely advocate if anyone was going to put a program together to get their sport of their work back, (the thing to do) is to utilize both different technologies," he said.
The University of Southern California also participated in the study.
Bhattacharya said MLB employees are younger than the overall population and took protective measures such as frequent hand washing when they reported to spring training in early February, earlier than most people.
No MLB employees are known to have died from COVID-19.
While the percentage of Los Angeles Angels employees with positive tests was the highest among teams, the error margin is too high to draw results because just 123 tests were included from the team.
Bhattacharya called the results "both good and bad news" because they showed the virus has not spread widely in MLB but still has many people left to target. Eichner said results could mean MLB employees had been diligent in use of personal protective equipment, such as masks.
"If this population was social isolating and practicing good PPE, then it shows that that worked and it didn't get the spread in there," Eichner said. "And then the flip side of that is that means it's worked well, then they keep doing it."
Sixty people tested positive in the raw data, and the figured was adjusted to about 42 to account for false positives and false negatives.
More than 95% of the participants were younger than 65, and few reported comorbidities, according to Stanford medical student Bianca Mulaney, who authored the study.
The Chicago Cubs, Cincinnati Reds, Colorado Rockies and Miami Marlins did not participate, Bhattacharya said. A preprint server will publish the study this week, and it will be sent to a journal for peer review.
Test kits were provided by the Partnership for Clean Competition, which funds antidoping research, and researchers worked for free.
Mulaney said the prevalence of positive tests for antibodies was higher in areas that have been harder hit by the virus, such as New York, and lower in less-impacted areas, such as Ohio.
"This is a special population. It's not representative of the American population at large," Bhattacharya said. "But it's an important population because it allows us to get a peek at the nationwide prevalence."