In the aftermath of major mass shootings, politicians and pundits depict the killers as crazed monsters and blame mental illness as the fundamental cause. But this narrative is not supported by scientific evidence and is counterproductive to solving America's epidemic of mass shootings.
The claim that mental illness produces such attacks implies that mass shooters are insane, as if they are disconnected from reality and act based on no rational thinking. This goes hand in hand with the common theme that these offenders "snap," which suggests their impulsive acts of violence burst forth from nowhere. Both explanations are wrong.
Over the last decade, I've studied scores of mass shootings and looked deep into the field of behavioral threat assessment, an emerging method where experts in mental health, law enforcement and other disciplines work together to prevent planned acts of violence.
Extensive case history shows that mass shooters don't just suddenly break - they decide. They develop violent ideas that stem from entrenched grievances, rage and despair. In many cases they feel justified in their actions and regard killing as the sole solution to a problem. They arm themselves and prepare to attack, choosing where and when to strike.
In 2018, a deep investigation of 63 rampage shooters conducted by experts with the FBI's Behavioral Analysis Unit showed that only a quarter of the offenders were known to have been professionally diagnosed with a mental illness of any kind. While it's possible that some suicidal attackers may have gone undiagnosed, only three of the 63 perpetrators, or about 5% of the total examined, had a known psychotic disorder.
Blaming mental illness for mass shootings inflicts a damaging stigma on the millions of people who suffer from clinical afflictions, the vast majority of whom are not violent. Extensive research shows the link between mental illness and violent behavior is small and not useful for predicting violent acts.
Yet no person who commits a mass shooting is, in a basic sense, mentally healthy. So if we want to do more to reduce these attacks, we need to better understand the behaviors and circumstances that lead up to them.
Threat assessment experts have found that in a majority of cases warning signs are noticeable to people who are in the orbit of would-be shooters. These don't fulfill any predictive checklist but compose a set of actions and conditions that indicate potential danger. They also reveal opportunity to intervene.
The warning signs include threatening comments, personal deterioration, patterns of stalking and other aggression, as well as fixating on guns, graphic violence and previous mass shooters. Many perpetrators express a desire for infamy.
In a country saturated with firearms that are easy to obtain, mass shootings are a complex problem with no simple solution.
But making mental illness the bogeyman detracts from making progress on stopping these attacks. That's going to take everything we've got: strengthening our nation's gun laws, quashing a surge in violent political extremism, raising cultural awareness of shooter-warning signs - and, yes, investing in a lacking mental health care system to give troubled people the help they may need before it's too late.
Mark Follman is author of "Trigger Points: Inside the Mission to Stop Mass Shootings in America."
The Los Angeles Times